Glosa 1000 Words with Explanations

(Last update 2026-03-17)

If you cannot find a word in this list, you really do not need another word. For instance, there is no word for "desk" in this list. Oh, no! Is the language deficient? Is there some kind of limbo here?

Instead of inventing or adding a new word, just say what the word means. What is a desk? A piece of furniture you write on. Therefore grafo-mo, "write-furniture," is the word for "desk." 

Sometimes an entire phrase may be necessary to state what you mean. "Department store" can be expressed as u mega boteka ko poli difere ra. That is just the way it goes with a language with a small vocabulary! After you say it like this once, you can usually say u boteka, and people will know what you mean.

You need to get out of the habit of thinking that one meaning (MY meaning, which is better than anyone else's meaning) should have one word. In all languages the meaning of words varies.

The first step in learning Glosa 1000 is getting this vocabulary memorized. Worry about grammar later. Vocabulary conveys meaning much better than grammar.

For the names of additional animals and plants use the taxonomical family or genus names, which can be found in many dictionaries; the word roots that end in -i are most often used.

a (ad) - to, towards

Notes: Ad is used before words that begin with the five vowels and the letter H.

Signifi: U ra gene ma e ma proxi.

Kontra verba: ab

ab - away from

Notes: Ab refers to motion that is simply away from an object. If the motion comes from the inside to the outside of the object, use ex.

Signifi: U ra gene ma e ma tele.

Kontra verba: ad

acide - accident, (sudden) event, failure, phenomenon, surprise

Notes: Acide as opposed to okasio. Acide refers to the onset or the suddenness of an event. It often has a negative meaning. Okasio refers more to the result of an event - an opportunity -and is more likely to have a positive meaning.

Signifi: U subito kron, u non-ge-atende ra.

adora - adore, praise, worship

Signifi: Dice plu boni alo sti-hedo ra de homi.

aero - air, atmosphere

Signifi: U klari ra peri vi, u materia; u venti moti.

aero bola - bubble

aero glisa - gliding through the air

aero-piano - organ

aero salta-me - parachute

es in aero - float

ki in aero - fly

agri - farm, field

Signifi: Un area pro kulti de planta alo dama zoa.

agrio - wild

Signifi: No-dama, u ra; qi akti akorda fisika.

Kontra verba: dama

akidi - acid, bitter, sour

Signifi: Id habe u mali gusto alo odoro, u kemi; qi reakti noku a difere materia.

akorda - according to, agreement, consent, harmony

Signifi: u ra habe u boni reakti alelo ko difere ra

akro - point, tip, top

Signifi: un aku fini de ra, u maxi alti fini de ra.

akti V - act, do, perform 

Notes: If you are using verboids, akti is the easy way to make a verb out of any other word. Akti salta means "jump (do a jump)", akti viagia "take a trip." Akti can be used as any basic verb. U venti akti means "the wind blows," un heli akti "the sun shines," etc. (See the article on verboids on this site for more information.)

aktivi - active, busy, enthusiasm, exciting

Signifi: id habe vigi alo sti industri.

Kontra verba: neutra

aku - nail, needle, pin, screw

Signifi: u mikro baci ko un akuto fini; qi akti ad-in alo per u difere ra.

fi aku - needle (sew needle)

helika aku - screw (spin screw)

malea aku - nail (hammer nail)

akuto - sharp

Signifi: id habe u fo-steno fini alo margina; qi pote face seka alo fora.

alegro (music) + - cheerful

Signifi: id habe un humoro; qi dona hedo a plu homi.

Kontra verba: tristi

alelo - each other, mutual, together

Signifi: u ra ko difere.

alelo akorda - treaty

algo - ache, pain

Signifi: u sensi de noku alo vulne alo pato.

ali - any

Signifi: posi u ra ex poli difere ra.

alkoholi - alcohol

Signifi: u kemi; qi pote dona narko a homi (id habe plu difere uti in kemi-logi).

alo - alternative, or

Signifi: mo ra, posi u difere ra.

alti - high, tall, level (height), floor (of building)

Signifi: ad urani, no-profunda.

Kontra verba: profunda 

ami(ko) - friend

Signifi: un homi; de qi vi este amo, e a qi vi dona hedo alo auxi.

amo - like, love

Signifi: un este de resista tira a ra alo homi.

Kontra verba: odio

amigda - almond

Signifi: u speci de nuki.

amila i - starch

Signifi: u materia; qi es dona a difere materia, te face id ma rigi alo densi.

amorfo - lump, shapeless

Signifi: id habe nuli norma alo ge-krati forma.

an - he, male

Signifi: id habe sensi de un andro.

anati i - duck

Signifi: u mikro aqa avi.

andro (an-) - man

Notes: The short form an used as a separate word means "he." 

Signifi: un an-homi.

Kontra verba: gina

anseri - goose

Signifi: u mega aqa avi.

ante - before, in front of 

Ante is used to describe location. To describe time, use pre.

Signifi: lo facia de ra.

Kontra verba: po(ste)

anti - against, although, but

Anti should not be confused with kontra, which means "opposite." 

Signifi: id volu noku alo destru de ra

anua - year, annual 

Signifi: u tem; tem qi u Geo face un holo ciklo peri heli, 365 alo 366 di.

anxio - anxious, worry

Signifi: un este de no-paci alo dubi aktivi.

aperi - open

Signifi: libe de ki in e ex alo de vide in e ex.

Kontra verba: klude

api - bee

Signifi: u xanto-e-melano insekti kon aku ko toxi.

apo V - remove, take away

Signifi: akti; u ra gene a loka ab difere loka.

Kontra verba: dona

ara i - plow

Signifi: un instrumenta; qi moti infra tera a supra pro kulti de plu planta.

aqa - water, wet

Signifi: u fluidi; de qi panto bio-ra habe nece.

Kontra verba: sika

area - area, region

Signifi: u loka ko margina.

arena - sand

Signifi: plu mikro lito grana.

argenti - silver

Signifi: u fo-valu metali ko leuko splendi.

arki - control

Signifi: un aktivi; qi dona ordina de plu ra alo natio.

arme - army

Signifi: u grega ex plu homi pro milita.

aroga - arrogant, boast, proud

Signifi: u sensi de habe ma boni de plu difere homi.

arti - art

Signifi: un aktivi de kali qalita.

artri - joint

Signifi: u gono de soma; qi pote akti tropi.

asilu - asylum, harbor, safe place

Notes: Asilu refers to a place. "Safe" or "safety" is generally translated by imuni.

asini - donkey

Signifi: u mega dama zoa; ge-uti pro moti alo tira de plu kargo.

astro - star

Signifi: u mikro foto in noktu urani.

atende - delay, expect, wait (for)

Signifi: habe u tem; pre qi u ra gene acide.

atri - hall, hallway 

Notes: As in English, atri refers to both a hallway of a building or something like a large lecture hall.

Signifi: u kamera; qi es inter plu plus kamera.

audaci + (music) / no-fobo - daring

Signifi: akti u neo ra kon hedo.

audi V - hear, listen

Signifi: gene logi per oti.

aureo i - gold

Notes: Ashby had kriso from Greek for "gold"; since aureo (Au) is derived from science, it is to be preferred.

auto - (own) self

Notes: Auto should not be confused with se, which is a pronoun. Auto emphasizes that something or someone owns or has done something by its own ability.

Signifi: u ra habe alo akti u ra solo per un habe alo pote de se.

auto-arki - self-control

auto-histori - autobiography

auto-krati - autocracy

auto-kredi - self-confidence

auto-kritici - conscience

auto-tende - ambitious

auxi - assist, auxiliary, help

Signifi: id dona plu aktivi a ra, te face ma boni id.

avi - bird

Signifi: u zoa ko bi ptero

axi i - axle

Signifi: u baci; peri qi plu rota alo difere mekani-ra akti helika.

baci - stick, pole, post

Signifi: u sklero, steno mero ex dendro-ma alo difere materia.

Kontra verba: bloka

auxi-baci - cane, crutch

baci-reti - basket

baia - bay, gulf

Signifi: u loka ex aqa kon aperi-lo a mari.

bali V - excrete, launch, send, throw, vomit

Notes: "Throw" is obviously translated with bali. But it applies to less dramatic actions as well. "To weep" using verboids is bali plu lakrima.

Signifi: face; u ra ki per aero alo aqa alo difere materia a difere loka.

Kontra verba: gene

balkoni i - balcony 

Signifi: un aperi kamera; ge-fixa ad-in alo extra domi.

baluna + - balloon 

Signifi: u ra freqe ko bola forma; qi habe aero alo gasi in id, pro kine alo sta in aero.

banana - banana

Signifi: u xanto, kurva frukti.

banka - bank (financial)

Signifi: u domi alo organi; qi tena valuta pro plu homi pro gene plu profito pro se.

basi - base, basic, basis, evidence, foundation 

Signifi: u ra; epi qi plu seqe ra habe struktura alo veri alo importa.

Kontra verba: alti, akro

bate - hit, impact, strike

Signifi: moti tako u ra anti difere ra.

betona - concrete

Signifi: u glu materia ex arena e lito; qi habe sklero qalita tem sika.

bi - two

Signifi: mo plus mo, u numera inter mo e tri.

bibe - drink, beverage

Signifi: u materia ex liqi; un homi alo zoa gene in se pro sani alo hedo.

bibli - book

Signifi: u ra; ge-face ex papira e tinta, e ge-face sistema pro lekto. U bibli posi es u homo elektro ra.

bileta - card, label, ticket

Signifi: u mikro papira; qi habe plu brevi info epi id, e plu-kron habe lice pro kine ad-in loka.

bio - life

Signifi: u dina in plu homi, zoa e planta de habe vigi e pote de moti alo puta alo reakti.

Kontra verba: morta

bira - beer

Signifi: un alkoholi bibe freqe ex tritika.

blada - blade, knife, scissors 

Signifi: un instrumenta ko akuto margina pro seka.

bi-blada-ru - scissors

blasto - bud

Signifi: u proto kresce-ra epi planta; qi freqe gene muta a flori.

bloka - block, brick

Signifi: u ra; freqe homo kubi, e qi pote facili gene loka epi plu difere homo ra.

bola - ball

Signifi: u ciklo prisma.

bomba - bomb

Signifi: un instrumenta ex plu materia; qi dona explode kron ge-sti.

boni - good

Signifi: u qalita de sani alo hedo.

Kontra verba: mali

boteka (-bo) - shop, store

Signifi: u domi alo loka; lo qi plu homi pote akti merka e vendo de plu ra.

botilia - bottle

Signifi: u tena-ru; freqe ex vitri alo plastika e freqe pro tena de plu liqi.

bovi - beef, bull, cattle, cow, ox

Signifi: u mega zoa ko bi kerati; freqe ge-kulti pro lakti e karni, plu-kron pro tira plu vagona.

an-bovi - bull

bovi-karni - beef

braki - arm

Signifi: u soma mero inter manu e skapa.

braki-artri - elbow

brevi - short

Notes: Brevi should not be used for time as it is in other European languages. "A short time" should be translated as "a small time," u mikro tem.

Signifi: ko mikro longi-metri.

Kontra verba: longi

brio i - moss

Signifi: plu mikro freqe-kloro planta; qi es lo aqa tera.

bronto - thunder, cough, sneeze

Signifi: u subito fisika mega soni; freqe kon urani piro.

brosa - broom, brush

Signifi: un instrumenta ko poli kapila; ge uti pro apo farina alo no-puri-ma.

bruno - brown

Signifi: u kroma; freqe ge-gene kausa tera-ma alo tro freqe heli termo.

buka - cheek

Signifi: u moli soma mero lo latu de facia e para stoma.

bulbo - bulb

Signifi: u ra ko bola forma ko ma steno fini; freqe plu mega sperma alo elektro lampa mero.

buleta - bullet 

Signifi: u mikro misili alo bali-ra de fusili.

buli - boil, bubble 

Signifi: sti termo aqa alo difere liqi, a-kron id habe plu aero-bola in se.

buro - office (institution)

Signifi: u domi alo kamera; in qi id es u/plu cefa e ergo-pe de un organi kon info.

bus - bus

Signifi: u mega vagona; ge-face pro moti plu homi ab mo a difere loka.

butiri - butter

Signifi: u semi-liqi e semi-sklero vora-ra; ge-face ex lakti. U materia ko plu qalita de u-ci ra.

butona - button 

Signifi: u mikro instrumenta; freqe in faski ko plu homo instrumenta e ge-sti per digi, e qi habe funktio pro akti mo ergo; plu-kron pro sti klude plu vesti.carta - chart, map, table (chart)

carta - chart, map, table (chart)

Signifi: U papira ko plu stria e verba e pikto akorda ordina e sistema.

cefa - chief, leader, lord

Signifi: U kefa homi de homi-grega.

Kontra verba: dulo

celu - cell

Signifi: U mikro unita de bio-ma. U mikro kamera; freqe pro puni.

centi - hundredth, percent

Signifi: 1/100

Kontra verba: hekto (100)

centra - center, dot, focus, point (place)

Signifi: U mikro topo to meso de loka.

nordi centra - North Pole

cepa - onion

Signifi: U fo-gusta kloro e leuko vegeta; qi kulti se proxi alo infra tera.

cerebra i - brain

Signifi: In-kefa. U soma organi; qi face puta e arki de soma.

cerka - look for, search

Signifi: Tenta de detekti.

certa - a certain ...

Signifi: dice; es u veri ra, anti ne dona u nomina alo plu plus idio ra de u-ci ra.

certifi i - certificate, certified

Signifi: U papira; qi dice un akti habe ple ko sura.

cervi i - deer

Signifi: U tako zoa lo dendro-fa; plu an-zoa de qi habe bi kerati.

ceru - wax

Signifi: U semi-sklero, semi-moli materia; homo qi plu api face pro sukro-ma de se.

ci - here

Notes: U-ci and plu-ci mean "this" and "these" respectively. Ci can also be attached to other words of quantity: panto-ci "all these," bi-ci "both of these, these two."

Signifi: U loka; proxi qi tu alo difere ge-dice ra es.

Kontra verba: la

ciano - blue

Signifi: U kroma de foto urani.

cide - kill, murder

Signifi: Apo bio ab difere bio-ra, idio ab homi.

cigara i - cigar

Signifi: U mega kilindra ko nikotini; un homi pote fumi.

cigareta - cigarette 

Signifi: U mikro kilindra ko nokotini; un homi pote fumi.

cigni i - swan

Signifi: U mega anseri; ge-ski kausa kali de id.

ciklo - circle, cycle

Signifi: U forma; ge-face per habe u eqa tele ab meso centra.

citra i - lemon

Signifi: Un akidi, xanto frukti de plu termo Geo loka.

civi - citizen

Signifi: Un homi; qi habe eko lo civita alo natio.

civita - city

Signifi: Un area; ge-ple per poli domi e eko-pe.

co (-co) - "the just said" 

Signifi: U-ci frase dice de pre frase.

cokolata - chocolate

Signifi: U bruno vora-ma; freqe ko poli sukro e ge-face ex homo-faba sperma ex u certa dendro.

daktila - date (fruit)

Signifi - u longi frukti, homo suku-frukti, e mega sukro.

dama - tame

Signifi: Non-agrio. Plu zoa; qi este more proxi plu homi.

de - about, of

Note: De does not mean "of" in the sense of possession; the meaning leans more to "about." U bibli de poesi-pe can mean "a book about the poet" or "the poet's book." The poet's possession of the book is unambiguously u bibli; u poesi-pe habe. "A book by the poet" is u bibli ex poesi-pe.

Signifi: Habe u ra homo tema de se.

debi A - debt, have to, must

Signifi: U nece de dona valuta alo ergo a pe.

debili - weak

Signifi: No-resista. Habe ze-sati resista alo sani tende akti ergo.

Kontra verba: resista

decide - decision, judgment

Signifi: Gene mo idea ex seri ex plu posi idea.

decimali + - decimal

Signifi: Plu numera; ge-basi de numera deka.

defekti - defect

Signifi: Habe u noku alo ero; qi sti; u ra alo homi ne pote akti per sati.

Kontra verba: perfekti

deka - ten

Signifi: U suma numera de panto digi de bi manu. U numera inter nona e mo-mo.

deklara - announcement, declaration

Signifi: Dice publika per sura; freqe per grafo epi papira. 

demo - people (ethnic group), tribe

Signifi: U grega ex plu homi; qi es ex mo natio alo more.

dendro - tree, bush

Signifi: U mega, dura planta; qi habe boni uti tende face plu domi.

densi - dense, thick

Note: Densi refers to density or solidness. "Thick" in the sense of "fat" is paki.

Signifi: U metri de sklero qalita. Materia; plu grana alo difere ra de qi habe forti proxi ad alelo.

Kontra verba: tenu

denti - teeth, tooth

Signifi: Plu akuto leuko ra; homo osteo e qi es in stoma.

derma - skin

Signifi: U bio tegu; qi es epi plu soma de plu homi, zoa e plus bio-ra.

deserta i - desert, wilderness

Signifi: U fisika agrio loka de Geo minus homi.

desira - desire, lust

Signifi: U forti volu.

destru - destruction

Signifi: Akti anti u ra, a-kron id habe nuli funktio.

Kontra verba: face

detekti V - find

Signifi: Gene skience de loka de ra.

Kontra verba: lose

dextro - right (hand)

Signifi: A latu de manu; qi habe duce uti pro mega numera ex panto homi.

Kontra verba: levo

di - day

Signifi: U tem; u Geo akti mo gira. U tem; un heli es in urani.

Kontra verba: noktu

dice V - say, talk, tell, write

Signifi: Dona un idea a difere homi per sistema ex plu soni alo grafo-ra.

dice elekti - vote

dice ad alelo - communicate

dice de - describe

dice expekta - forecast, predict

dice forti - accent, emphasize, stress

dice-logi - grammar

dice no - deny

dice odio - curse

dice signifi - explain, translate

ge-dice: alleged, rumored

difere - different 

Signifi: Non-homo, u plus ra alo homi.

Kontra verba: homo, iso

difusi - difuse, spread

Signifi: Face u materia latu.

digi - finger, indicate, point (indicate), toe

Signifi: U longi flexi mero de manu alo pedi.

diluti i - dilute

Signifi: Face materia mei forti, freqe per dona aqa ad id.

Kontra verba: forti

dina - force, might, power

Signifi: Resista pro ergo alo destru.

Kontra verba: debili

per dina - by force, forced (to)

diptera - fly (insect)

Signifi: U komuni insekti ko bi ptero; qi face plu "buz" soni, e habe amo de sapro e mali odoro.

direkti - direct, steer

Signifi - Face; u ra alo homi ki alo face tropi akorda skema.

disipa - waste, trash

Signifi: Plu no-ge-volu ra; qi habe resta po vora alo ergo.

Kontra verba: funktio

disko - disk, plate

Signifi: U plati ra ko ciklo forma.

disputa - argument, discussion, dispute

Signifi: Dice de plu ra, tende gene solve de problema.

divide (mathematics) - division

Signifi: U sistema mode de face plu mero ex un holo numera alo difere ra.

Kontra verba: unio

divina - bet, guess

Signifi: Dice uno-ra ko spe; id es korekti ra.

domi (-do) - building, home, house

Signifi: U ge-face ra, tende tena imuni plu homi, zoa alo difere ra.

dona V - give

Signifi: Pe moti ra a difere pe.

Kontra verba: apo

dorsa - back (anatomy)

Signifi: U mero de soma alo difere ra; qi es po ante mero.

Kontra verba: facia

drama - drama

Signifi: U vista tekno; per qi plu homi feno es plu difere homi de histori.

dromo - run

Signifi: Kine forti tako.

Kontra verba: gradu

du - (shows continuing action, made from dura)

dubi - doubt

Signifi: Habe nuli spe. Este; u ra habe falsi.

Kontra verba: spe, veri

duce - lead

Signifi: Sti; plu homi alo zoa ki alo akti akorda skema de pe.

Kontra verba: seqe

dulo - slave

Signifi: Un homi; qi nece ergo per dina.

Kontra verba: cefa

dura A - continuing, durable, lasting

Signifi: Akti alo es freqe, kron po kron.

e - and

Signifi: Plus, plus u difere ra.

Kontra verba: minus

eko - dwelling, inhabit, live (reside), reside

Signifi: Habe bio-tem lo domi, natio alo difere loka.

elasti - spring (mechanism)

Signifi: Un instrumenta; qi, po gene flexi, akti re-kine a proto forma, e habe uti in poli mekani.

elefa - elephant

Signifi: U maxi mega tera zoa ko longi nasa.

elekti - choice, elect, select, vote

Signifi: Este ma hedo de mo ra ex poli ra.

electro - electricity

Signifi: U resista dina; qi pote sti piro-noku a plu bio-ra, anti face ergo per poli neo-tem makina

epi - on

Signifi: Es lo facia, latu alo idio lo akro de ra.

eqa - equal, equality 

Signifi: Habe iso stato ko panto homo ra.

eqi - horse

Signifi: U mega komuni dama zoa; qi pote tira plu kargo-ra, alo epi qi plu homi pote sedi.

ergo - labor, work

Signifi: Un akti; face per plu homi, tende sti funktio u tem; speci, gene valuta tende tena sani alo bio-tem.

ero - error, mistake, wrong

Signifi: Un akti; qi habe u mali seqe.

Kontra verba: Korekti

es V - be

Notes: Think of es like "=". To say Mi es frigi does not mean "I am cold" but "I am (equal to) coldness." "I am cold" is best stated as Mi habe frigi, "I have coldness." On the other hand, Mi es pani-pe, "I am (equal to) a baker" has the same usage as in English. Es is also used for position. "I am (I) in Alaska" translates Mi es (mi) lo Alaska.

Signifi: U stato; in qi u ra habe eqa a difere ra.

espio - espionage, spy

Signifi: U falsi-pe; qi dice pe es un ami, tem gene plu info veri pro non-ami de tu.

est(i) - east

Note: All Glosa words (with the exception of an and ex) should end in a vowel. Hogben did propose the word nordi, and so I propose esti.

Signifi: U loka; lo qi un heli du gene leva.

Kontra verba: ocide

este V - believe, feel (both physically and mentally), have an opinion

Signifi: Gene logi de ra per palpa alo per puta.

etio - blame, guilt, shame

Signifi: U mali este; pe gene, po akti mali ra.

ex - by (with people), drawn from, out of

Notes: In Glosa we understand that something a person creates comes from somewhere inside of him, therefore u bibli ex Shakespeare means "a book by Shakespeare." Ex is also used with groups; mo ex tri persona means "one out of three people." Ex also shows composition: un instrumenta ex dendro-ma, "a tool made out of wood."

Signifi: Es in domi alo difere ra, po-kron ki ad extra.

exakti - exact

Signifi: To numera, kron alo loka minus ero.

Kontra verba: ero

examina - examine, experiment, test

Signifi: Tenta gene logi de homi alo ra per skope alo metri.

exempla - draft copy, example

Signifi: Mo ra ex poli ra; qi dona homo qalita de plu plus ra.

exklude - exclude

Signifi: Tena u ra alo homi ex grega.

expekta - expect, wait for 

Signifi: Atende kon este; u ra alo homi fu ki a loka minus dubi.

explode - explosion, loud noise

Signifi: U subito difusi ex foto e piro ko mega soni.

extra - outside (of)

Signifi: U loka; qi ne es in domi alo difere ra.

Kontra verba: in

faba - bean

Signifi: U mikro, densi vegeta.

face V - build, do, generate, make, manufacture, produce 

Signifi: Akti ergo, idio tende akti produce de ra.

Kontra verba: destru

face-do - factory

face-me - generator

face farina/pulve - grind

face faski - collect, gather

face makula - mark

face neo/proto - invent

face speci - copy

facia - face, surface 

Signifi: U plati ante alo latu de ra, idio de ante de kefa.

Kontra verba: dorsa, infra mero

facili - easy

Signifi: Habe simpli alo no-komplexi ergo.

Kontra verba: komplexi

faktu - fact

Signifi: U mero ex info; qi habe veri.

Kontra verba: ero, falsi

falsi - false, lie (untruth)

Signifi: Ne habe veri. Habe ero info.

Kontra verba: veri

famili - family

Signifi: U grega ex bi parenta e fili alo difere tali relatio.

famo - famous, well-known

Signifi: Habe histori; de qi poli homi este logi.

farina - dust, flour, powder

Signifi: Plu fo-mikro fria ex materia alo vora-ma.

faski (-fa) - bunch (of), bundle, collection (of)

Notes: Faski refers to a group of inanimate things, while grega refers to a group of people or animals.

Signifi: U numera de plu ra; ge-moti kon alelo homo mo ra.

fatiga - fatigue, tired

Signifi: Ne este vigi kausa tro mega ergo.

Kontra verba: vigi

fe - she/her

Note: Fe is short for femina; the word gina, however, is generally used for "woman."

Signifi: U vice-verba pro panto gina, alo posi pro fe-zoa.

febri - fever

Signifi: U no-norma termo in soma; ge-kausa per pato.

feli - cat

Note: You may also find the word felis in Glosa dictionaries. Although the real scientifically taxonomic name for "cat" is felis, even Hogben originally used feli. Hogben preferred to use forms of the words that end in -i. Words that end in vowels are easier to pronounce. You may notice that I have returned to Hogben's spelling for other animal names as well.

Signifi: U dama zoa; qi habe famo de kapti de plu mus.

fenestra - window

Signifi: U fora in mura; per qi pe pote vide. Plu fenestra habe freqe vitri in se.

feno A - seem

Note: Feno is only an auxiliary (helper) verb and not a verboid in itself. When using feno with verboids, it is best to say feno es, feno habe, etc. For example, "He seems cold" should be translated An feno habe frigi.

Signifi: Un homi alo ra habe u vista de u certa stato. Anti-co u-ci vista posi alo ne posi habe veri.

feri + - fairy

Signifi: U fikti magika homi, freqe mikro ko plu ptero.

fertili - fertile, fruitful

Signifi: Habe u pote de face plu infanti alo frukti.

feru - iron

Signifi: U forti dura metali; freqe ge-uti pro plu: instrumenta, vagona, domi.

dura fero - steel

feru-via - railroad

feru stria - rail

festa - celebration, feast, holiday, rite

Signifi: Un hedo tem tende tena memo de okasio.

fibri (-fi) - fiber, string, thread

Signifi: U tenu anti resista stria ex materia; ge-uti tende nexu alo fixa plu difere ra.

metali-fi - wire

orna-fi - ribbon

piski-fi - fishing line

plati-fi - tape

reakti-fi - antenna

fici - fig

Signifi: U forti sukro anti sti-mastika frukti ab plu dendro; qi gene kulti lo plu termo loka.

fikti - fiction, imaginary

Signifi: Ne habe veri, anti habe u sti-hedo qalita.

fili - daughter, offspring, son

Signifi: Un infanti ex u certa andro alo gina.

fili-fili - grandchild

filici - fern

Signifi: U planta ko poli mikro folia; qi akti kulti de se proxi plu dendro tera in plu forti umbra loka.

fini - end, finish, last (in position)

Signifi: Lo mo margina de stria alo seri.

fisika - nature, natural, physical

Signifi: Id habe proto alo rura qalita. Id habe nuli stimula per panto homi.

Kontra verba: ge-face

fiska - tax

Signifi: Pe nece dona plus valuta, kron gene ra; qi gene dona a krati.

fisu - crack, fissure, split

Signifi: Noku; ge-kausa per fisika, instrumenta, alo seka-ru; qi sti ra gene divide in se.

fixa - attach, fasten, fix (attach)

Note: Fixa does not mean "repair" as it sometimes does in American English. In that meaning the word is repara.

Signifi: Face ra, te id ne pote ki, anti tena se lo iso loka.

Kontra verba: laxa

fla - blow (wind, air)

Signifi: Aero; qi ki.

flagela - whip

Signifi: U flexi instrumenta; qi dona algo alo fobo a plu zoa alo dulo alo ge-puni-pe.

flexi - bendable, floppy

Signifi: Id ne habe rigi, anti habe moti in se. Id ne pote akti sta.

Kontra verba: rigi

flori - flower

Signifi: U ra; qi gene kulti epi planta pro face plu fili-planta. Plu flori posi habe plu sti-hedo kroma.

flu - flow, liquid

Signifi: Plu liqi; qi ki ad infra.

fluvi - river

Signifi: U fisika via ex aqa; qi ki freqe a mari alo laku.

fobo - fear, frightening

Signifi: Un este de fu-tem risko alo morta.

Kontra verba: imuni

folia - leaf

Signifi: U kulti-ra epi planta alo dendro, freqe kloro; qi akti muta de heli foto a plu nece-ra pro planta.

fonta - fountain, spring (fountain)

Note: Fonta does not mean "source" as it does at times in English. In that sense the word is proto or basi.

Signifi: U loka; ex qi aqa alo difere liqi ki ex tera, alo u ge-face mekani; qi bali aqa.

fora - hole (made, not natural)

Note: Fora implies that the hole was made with a tool. A natural hole is kavita.

Signifi: Un aperi-lo; ge-face per imstrumenta.

forma - form, mold (pattern), shape

Note: A "form" in the sense of a paper you fill out is papira.

Signifi: U skema de vista; qi sti; pe habe logi de id.

Kontra verba: amorfo

formika - ant

Signifi: Un insekti; qi kine epi tera alo plu planta, e qi habe ge-skema grega eko-lo per fosi in plu tali loka.

formula - formula

U seri ex plu materia, numera, alo akti; qi face u certa ra.

forti - intensity, intensive, strong (intensity)

Note: Forti does not mean "strong" in the sense of having muscle or force. It refers to degree of intensity. "Strong tea" has no power to move anything, so the correct translation is forti gusta tea, "very flavorful tea." "Strong" in the "muscle" or "powerful" sense is resista. As a prefix, fo- combines with the meaning of the word after it; for example, forti mega means "very big," fo-mega means "gigantic."

fortuna - fortune, luck

Signifi: U boni okasio, freqe ko poli valuta alo hedo.

fosi - dig

Signifi: Id apo tera-ma alo difere materia tende face fora.

foto - light

Signifi: U ra; qi dona u pote de vista alo klari ad oku.

Kontra verba: skoto

frakti - break, broken

Signifi: Id sti; un holo ra gene divide a plu mero; qi sti; u ra habe vani.

Kontra verba: holo

freqe - frequent, often, usual

Signifi: Un acide alo okasio; qi gene es poli-kron. Norma.

Kontra verba: rari

fria - crumb, piece (broken)

Signifi: U fo-mikro mero ex ra; freqe ge-face per frakti.

frigi - cold

Note: "I am cold" is Mi habe frigi, "I have coldness." The illness "cold" is koriza.

Signifi: Id ne habe termo.

Kontra verba: termo

frika - erase, friction, rub

Signifi: Id moti manu alo difere instrumenta trans-epi ra, tende sti puri alo repara u ra.

frukti - fruit

Signifi: U produce-ra ex plu planta; ge-uti tende face plu neo speci de ra, alo pro vora-ma.

frustra - frustration

Signifi: Un este; u ra habe tro komplexi alo dona ze-solve problema.

fu - future (tense with verbs)

Note: Fu is a shortened form of futuri.

Signifi: Un akti; qi gene acide po nu-tem.

Kontra verba: pa

fugi - escape, flee, run away

Note: "Fly" in the sense of "travel through air" is ki per ptero, "go by wing."

Signifi: Ki per tako alo kripti mode, tende apo se ab risko.

fumi - smoke

Note: Fumi refers to both "burned gas" and to the habit of consuming cigarettes, etc.

Signifi: U gasi; ge dona ex plu ge-piro materia; per qi pe ne pote vide. U more de uti plu fumi-ra iso plu cigareta alo cigara.

funktio - useful

Signifi: Id habe boni uti-pote.

Kontra verba: vani

furka - fork

Signifi: Un instrumenta ko plu fora-ru; qi akti kapti de ge-kuko vora-ma.

fusili - gun

Signifi: Un instrumenta; qi bali tako buleta tende akti cide alo noku a ra.

futuri - future

Signifi: Plu ra; qi gene acide po nu-tem.galina - chicken

galina - chicken

Signifi: U fo-komuni avi; qi ne pote akti ptero, freqe ge-uti ko plu ova iso vora-ma.

game - marriage, spouse

Signifi: Un unio more inter matura andro e gina.

gasi - gas

Signifi: U no-solidi materia homo aero.

gastro - abdomen, belly, stomach

Signifi: U soma organi; qi akti solve de vora-ma; tu gene per gluto, alo u soma area de u-ci organi.

ge - (passive, made from gene)

Notes: The prefix ge- can be attached to any word to make a perfect participle of it. Some examples:

ge-face - done, made

ge-logi - understood

gele - jelly

Notes: Do not confuse gele with geli "frozen, solidified."

Signifi: U semi-solidi-liqi materia, freqe luci.

geli - congeal, frozen, gel, solidify

Notes: Do not confuse geli with gele "jelly."

Signifi: Kron u liqi gene solidi alo semi-solidi stato freqe kausa frigi.

gema - gem, jewel

Notes: For me this word really had the same meaning as blasto, but because I could not find a clear distinction between the words I decided to use blasto as "bud" and gema as "gem." This was most likely the Glosa authors' intention.

Signifi: U mikro kali lito ko mega valu.

gene V - become, eat, gain, get

Notes: Compare gene with its English counterpart "get." The word has a very broad meaning. I believe it was what inspired Hogben to create the verboids. Verboids are not required in Glosa, but if you would like to learn more, see the article about verboids in this blog.

Signifi: Id sti muta de stato. Exempla: Id gene mega. Signifi: Id pre habe mikro, anti nu habe mega.

generali - general, generally

Signifi: Id habe u komuni stato.

geneti - genetic, hereditary

Signifi: U ra; homi alo hetero bio-ra gene ex/per parenta.

gentili - gentle, mild

Signifi: Id akti per mode; qi dona nuli noku.

Kontra verba: sadi 

Geo - earth (planet); world

Notes: Geo refers especially to planet Earth or "the world." "Earth" in the sense of "dirt, soil, opposite of water" is tera. Geo-ma is a synonym of tera.

Signifi: Un heli luna-ra tri.

gina (fe-) - woman

Notes: The suffix and pronoun which means "gina" is fe, taken from the word femina.

Signifi: Un homi non-homo un andro. Plu gina posi es plu fe-parenta, fe-sibi, etc.

Kontra verba: andro 

gipso - chalk, plaster

Notes: Larger Glosa vocabularies may contain the word kreta for "chalk." Originally both were gipso.

Signifi: U leuko materia; qi lase plu leuko stria epi plu facia, e freqe ge-uti tende face plu glabro mura.

gira - gyrate, roll, rotate, spin

Notes: Gira should not be confused with helika. Helika really means "spiral." It gets used with things like screws, propellers, and things that are wrapped around each other. Gira refers to turning or rotation.

Signifi: Id habe ciklo moti.

glabro - smooth

Signifi: U facia de ra minus plu amorfa alo tumo.

Kontra verba: krude

glacia - hail, ice, snow

Notes: In larger Glosa vocabularies nivi is used for "snow." Originally glacia was used.

gladia - sword

Signifi: U milita baci kon akuto margina. 

glandi i - acorn, gland

Notes: The ancient Romans thought that some body glands looked like acorns. I like human touches like this in Glosa.

Signifi: U sklero frukti de dendro qerci. U mikro soma mero kon idio uti.

glena i - socket

Signifi: U mero de artri; qi tena u difere mero.

glisa - glide, slide, slip

Signifi: Id moti trans glabro-lo minus rota alo gradu.

Glosa - Glosa

Notes: Although Glosa originally meant "language" and "tongue," later Glosa authors came to use it especially as the name of the language. Use lingua to mean language or tongue now.

glu - adhesive, glue, stick (to)

Signifi: U materia; freqe u liqi alo geli; qi akti fixa de plu mero kron sika. 

gluko - nice, sweet

Notes: Literally "sweet" as in "containing sugar" is sukro.

Signifi: Un homi alo zoa; qi habe liberali alo sti-hedo qalita. 

gluma i - chaff, husk

Signifi: Un extra mero de plu blasto de grana; qi habe no-facili de vora.

glutea i - buttocks

Signifi: Plu loka po soma e supra bi poda.

 

gluto - greed, swallow

Notes: Another humanism in Glosa - a person who swallows a lot of food is greedy.

Signifi: Id moti plu vora-ma per kola e a gastro. Un homi; qi habe tro desira de valuta e plu valu-ra.

Kontra verba: liberali

gono - angle, cone, corner

Signifi: U steno loka inter bi latu; qi gene unio ab bi difere rekti. 

gra - grass

Note: A shortened form of gramini.

Signifi: Plu steno folia de planta; qi gene kulti proxi tera.

gradu - degree (measurement), step, walk

Signifi: Id kine per moti mo pedi ante difere pedi. Un unita de termo-metri alo de plu gono e ciklo. 

grafo - draw, write

Signifi: Id face plu pikto alo signi per manu kon instrumenta epi papira alo difere plati-lo.

grama - letter

Notes: "Letter" in the sense of "letter of the alphabet" is soni signi "sound symbol."

Signifi: Id face plu verba more epi papira ko tende de bali id ad u certa persona.

grana - grain, particle

Signifi: U maxi mikro mero de ra.

grati - grateful, thankful, thank you, thanks

Notes: Older Glosa vocabularies list this word as gratia. I believe grati was chosen more recently. Not a big difference.

Signifi: U volu de dona boni ad homi; qi pa dona boni a tu.

grega - congregation, flock, group, herd

Notes: Grega is used for groups of living things. Things that are grouped together are described with faski.

Signifi: U certa numera de plu homi alo zoa.

gru - adjustment, fitting, proper

Signifi: Id habe korekti alo habe more uti.

gumi - rubber

Signifi: U mei moli materia; qi akti tena de plu denti, alo u meteria de homo qalita.

gusta - flavor, taste

Signifi: Un este; qi habe logi de plu difere vora-ma.

guta i - drop (of water, etc.)

Signifi: U fo-mikro mero ex aqa alo pluvi alo difere liqi.

habe V - have, own, possess

Signifi: U ra es de mo persona, e ne de plu difere persona.

Kontra verba: lose

harengu - herring

Signifi: U mikro anti poli piski; freqe ge-uti iso vora-ma.

harpa i - harp

Signifi: U musika-ru ko poli fi; ge-tira per plu digi.

hedo A - happy, pleasant, pleasing

Signifi: Id dona boni este in menta.

Kontra verba: tristi

hekto - hundred

Note: All three of the Glosa authors used centi for "hundred." A later proposal, which is more consistent with the use of Latin and Greek word roots in Glosa, is to use the Greek hekto for "hundred" and the Latin centi for "hundredth."

Signifi: Deka deka.

Kontra verba: centi

hekto-anua - century

heli - sun

Signifi: U stela; peri qi Geo ki.

helika - propeller, spiral, twist

Note: Do not confuse helika with gira. Gira refers to things turning in circles, whereas helika refers to things that twist in a circular motion,  such as a spiral. 

Signifi: Id ki per ciklo moti, anti habe strepto in id.

helika-aku - screw

hema - blood

Signifi: U rubi liqi; ge-detekti in plu homi e zoa. 

hepa i - liver

Signifi: U soma organi; qi face hema puri.

histori - history, report, story

Note: Ashby proposed using histori for "history" and stori for "story." To keep the vocabulary small, it would be best to use one or the other and not both.

Signifi: U ge-dice alo ge-grafo dona de okasio.

holo - entire, whole

Signifi: Id habe panto-ra per mo mero, alo habe funktio konditio.

Kontra verba: frakti 

homari i - lobster

Signifi: U mari ostraka zoa; freqe ko bi-digi manu; qi pote tena alo seka.

homi - human, person

Signifi: U maxi sofi ex panto zoa, homo sapiens.

homo - like, similar

Note: Do not confuse homo with iso. Homo refers to something that has similarity, whereas iso refers to something that is exactly like whatever is being compared. This relationship is also found in lo and to.

Signifi: Id habe plu eqa relatio ko difere ra, anti ne panto relatio.

hordea i - barley

Signifi: Plu grana de planta homo tritika, anti de mei boni qalita. 

honora - honor, respect, revere

Signifi: Id habe boni histori; a qi poli homi reakti per grati. 

horizo - horizon, level (with surface of the earth)

Note: Horizo and kumbe mean nearly the same thing. I decided to keep both words with a distinction between the two. 

Signifi: U stria inter Geo e urani. De eqa tele ab facia de Geo. 

horo - hour, o'clock

Note: The Glosa authors regularly used okto horo to mean "eight o'clock"; however this can also mean "eight hours." Using horo okto, "eighth hour" is less ambiguous for "eight o'clock" and is more consistent with other time expressions in Glosa, such as meno okto for "August."

Signifi: 1/24 mero ex di.

horti - garden, park (nature area)

Signifi: Un area, mega alo mikro; freqe ko kulti de plu flori alo difere sti-hedo planta.

hoteli - hotel, inn, motel

Signifi: U mega domi; in qi plu viagia-pe pote gene somni. 

humoro - humor (mood), mood

Signifi: Un este de persona, si hedo alo tristi, alo pato alo sani, e panto tali ra.

id - it

Note: Id can be used as an impersonal pronoun. The book 18 Steps listed the impersonal pronoun as il, but this was changed sometime later.

Signifi: De mo ra, ne de plu homi.

idea - idea, thought

Signifi: U seqe de puta, anti id ne gene akti nu-tem.

idio - special

Note: One of the definitions of idio in older vocabularies was "same." This meaning is usually expressed better with iso.

Signifi: Id habe u certa qalita; qi face id difere alo ma boni de plu difere ra.

Kontra verba: komuni

impedi - delay, impede, hindrance

Signifi: Id face un akti alo ra ma lento.

Kontra verba: auxi

importa - important

Note: Some of the older vocabularies list importa as meaning "import," and gravi meaning "important." This seems to have changed with time.

Kontra verba: komuni

imuni - defend, immune, protect, safe

Note: This was the original word for "defend." Later vocabularies added the word alexi as well.

in - in, inside (of)

Kontra verba: extra

indika - indicate, point (to)

Signifi: Id dona qalita de idio logi.

industri - hard work, industry

Signifi: Forti ergo. Plu ergo de plu face-do.

infanti - baby, child, infant 

Signifi: Un homi; qi pa gene nati pre relatio mikro tem.

Kontra verba: matura

info - information, message, news

Signifi: Plu faktu; de qi pe pa habe nuli logi pre-tem.

infra - below, under

Signifi: U loka; qi es ma proxi tera in relatio a duce ra.

Kontra verba: supra

ad infra - down

infra-aqa - underwater

infra-natio - "sub-nation," state, county, etc.

inklude - contain, contents, include

Signifi: Plu ra; qi es in ma mega ra.

Kontra verba: exklude

insekti - bug, insect

Signifi: U fo-mikro zoa ko poli poda.

instrumenta (-ru) - instrument, tool

Signifi: U ra, freqe ex metali, xilo, alo plastika; qi es ge-uti, tende sti ma boni plu ergo alo repara de difere ra.

insura - insurance

Signifi: U ra alo valuta; qi es ge-dona, tende sti sura u seqe de akti, alo tende dona valuta kambio id.

inter - among, between

Signifi: Id habe loka; qi es proxi bi difere ra.

intestina - guts, intestine

Signifi: U longi tubi in soma; qi akti gene de plu boni ra ex vora-ma, e apo plu mali ra ex vora-ma.

 

investi - clothe, invest

Note: Try to understand the etymology of the original Latin. When you "invest" money, etc., you are "putting clothes" on it.

Signifi: Sti; u ra es in relatio; qi fu face id ma boni. 

iridi i - iris (of eye), rainbow

Note: Another of the idiosyncracies of the original Greek/Latin that give Glosa a soul.

Signifi: U poli-kroma kurva; qi gene vista lo urani po pluvi. Un homo-vista mero de oku.

iso - same, exactly like

Note: Compare with homo, which means "similar," that is, not exactly like.

Signifi: Id habe panto qalita de u difere ra.

ja - yes

Signifi: Akorda ko ra; un homi pa dice.

Kontra verba: no

jura - oath, swear

Signifi: Dice; u ra habe holo veri per ma mega dina; qi volu noku a tu, si tu dice falsi.

jurnali - magazine, newspaper, periodical

Signifi: U mikro bibli; qi gene bali ad homi per ge-arki tem.

justi - fair, honest, justice, right (justice)

Signifi: Id habe boni tende akorda plu lega alo more.

juve (-ju) - young

Signifi: Id habe relati brevi tem po nati, freqe ko boni sani.

Kontra verba: paleo

kade - drop, fall

Signifi: Fisika sti: u ra ;qi habe alti, ki ad infra.

Kontra verba: leva

lase X kade: let X fall, drop X.

kafa - coffee 

Signifi: U faba - alo u planta; ab qi plu faba es - qi es mikro ge-piro, ge-farina, e ge-buli, tende face u melano bibe-ma.

kafe - cafe

Signifi: U vora-bo; qi akti vendo de kafa e plu plus vora-ma.

kako - ugly

Note: Other Glosa word lists have the meaning as "evil." The ancient Greeks believed that ugly things tended to be evil, and so the confusion. The idea "evil" is more clearly expressed by mali or fo-mali or no-sankti.

Signifi: Id dona vista; qi plu homi este habe mali.

Kontra verba: kali

kali - beautiful, pretty

Signifi: Id dona vista; qi plu homi este habe hedo.

Kontra verba: kako

kalki - heel

Signifi: U poste mero ex pedi osteo.

kambio - exchange, in exchange for

Note: Kambio can be used as a noun or preposition.

Signifi: Tu dona u ra a mi, so mi dona u ra a tu.

kameli - camel

Signifi: U mega zoa; freqe ge-uti, tende moti plu kargo alo homi trans plu sika deserta.

kamera (-ka) - chamber, room (of building)

Note: -Ka is very useful for making words which refer to rooms, but be careful not to confuse it with -ka as a shortened form of kausa.

Signifi: U spaci ex domi; qi es inter plu mura.

kanabi - hemp, marijuana

Signifi: U planta ko plu resista fi; ge-uti tende face plu fi-fa, plus ge-uti iso narko.

kanabi-narko: marijuana

 

kanali - canal, channel

Note: Several other languages have this same duplicity of meaning. You can see the similarity in the English words.

Signifi: U ge-face fluvi. Un idio metri de radio unda; qi es ge-numera alo ge-nomina, tende bali plu info per elektro mode.

kanceri - cancer, crab

Note: In some other languages "crab" and "cancer" are the same word.

Signifi: U mari ostraka zoa; qi habe plus akuto poda, e pote akti gradu epi tera. U pato; qi gene face ex plu non-arki bio celu.

kandi - glow

Signifi: Id dona u mikro alo muta-forti foto.

kani - dog

Notes: Some Glosa word lists also have kanis. Glosa's rule started by Hogben is to use the taxonomical names for animals and plants. To keep words easy to pronounce, Hogben often used the roots of those names that ended with an -i. Glosa should be easy to pronounce, so I have done what he did.

Signifi: Plu zoa de poli difere metri; qi habe uti iso plu domi-zoa alo pro ergo.

kanta - song

Signifi: Un arti mode per voka.

kapila - hair

Note: In English "hair" is used as a collective noun, that is, the word refers to the group of hairs. In most other languages you must say "hairs" (plu kapila) to refer to a group of hairs.

Signifi: Plu fi; qi gene fisika kulti ex derma.

kapitali + - capital (financial)

Notes: The word kapitali was created to distinguish it from kapitala. In English the word "capital" has both meanings. 

Signifi: Un holo valu; pe habe, per valuta, proprie e plu homo ra.

kapitula - chapter 

Signifi: U mero ex biblo; freqe ge-numera.

kapri - goat

Signifi: U fo-dura zoa, dama alo agrio; ge-uti pro: lakti, karni, vesti-ma.

kapti - capture, catch, trap

Signifi: Gene ra per manu alo per instrumenta. Plu homi alo zoa gene kapti freqe kontra volu de se.

karbo - ash, carbon, coal

Notes: In Latin and the Romance languages the word had this broad meaning. The most basic meaning is "carbon." See the additional list below if you need to be more specific. 

Signifi: Freqe melano materia; qi es seqe ex ge-piro-ma, alo pote gene uti pro piro.

karbo-farina: ash

karbo-li (antraki): coal

kardia - heart

Signifi: U soma organi; qi akti moti de hema per soma per ritmo. 

kardina - hinge

Signifi: Un instrumenta; qi lase; pe sti aperi alo klude de porta per facili. 

kargo - cargo, carry, freight

Signifi: Plu ra; qi nece gene moti.

kari i - shrimp

Signifi: Plu mikro mari zoa ko ostraka, kauda, poda; freqe ge-uti iso vora-ma.

karni - meat

Signifi: plu mero ex plu zoa; qi gene vora per plu homi.

karpu - wrist

Signifi: Un artri; qi es inter manu e braki.

kartona - cardboard, cardboard container

Signifi: U materia alo ra ex u-ci materia; qi es ge-face ex rigi papira-ma.

kasea - cheese

Signifi: U vora-ma; ge-face ex ge-paleo lakti. 

katena - chain

Signifi: U liga-ru; ge-face ex poli poli mikro ge-liga zona ex metali.

kauda - tail

Signifi: U soma mero; plu zoa solo habe, e qi es lo poste de zoa.

kauli - stem

Signifi: U longi rigi mero de planta.

kausa (ka) - because (of), cause

Notes: The short form, ka, should not be confused with the short form of kamera "room." Ka can also be used as a conjuction between two otherwise complete sentences.

Signifi: U ra es u seqe de difere ra. 

kavita - cave, cavern, hole (natural)

Notes: Do not confuse kavita with fora, which is a hole made with a tool.

Signifi: U vaku loka in: tera, lito, monti.

kefa - head

Signifi: U maxi alti soma-mero ko cerebra in id.

kerami - asphalt, clay

Signifi: U materia; qi habe amorfo, anti pote gene forma per manu alo instrumenta. 

karbo-kerami: asphalt, tar

kerati - beak, horn

Signifi: Plu baci ex sklero derma alo kapila; qi es ge-fixa a kefa de zoa.

Kerati-stoma: beak, bill (of birds)

ki (kine V) - go

Notes: Kine was shortened to ki by Clark and Ashby. I prefer to use kine when it is not a verboid.

Signifi: Id moti se.

kilindra i - barrel, cylinder

Signifi: U forma ko ciklo latu e ciklo lo bi fini.

kilo - thousand

Signifi: 1,000, deka hekto.

kinema - cinema, movie

Signifi: U vista arti ex poli pikto; qi ki fo-tako po alelo. U domi; in qi pe vide plu tali pikto.

kisti i - bladder

Signifi: U soma organi; qi tena urini.

klari - clear, explanation

Signifi: U qalita de materia; qi lice; pe pote vide per id, homo si nuli-ra es inter pe e vista. Feno-co dona signifi de ra;  de qi pe ne este logi.

 

klasi - class

Signifi: U feno ordina de plu ra alo homi, freqe ko signifi ab ma mali a ma boni.

klavi - key

Signifi: Un instrumenta; qi sto; u porta es alo ne es ge-fixa a klude loka.

klavi-me: lock

klepto - robbery, sneaky, steal, theft

Signifi: Akti per ne-ge-vide mode, freqe tende akti krimi.

kli - bed

Signifi: U mobili alo loka; epi qi pe akti somni.

klina - cliff, slope

U loka; qi habe alti-lo e basi-lo per mode; qi dona no-facili alo no-posi de gradu epi id.

Kontra verba: plati, horizo

kloro - green

Signifi: U kroma de plu bio planta.

Kontra verba: rubi

klu - also, even(!), including

Note: Klu is a shortened form of klude.

Signifi: Id dona u plus signifi.

klude - close, closed

Signifi: Id dona signifi de u porta alo difere aperi-pote ra; per qi pe ne pote ki ad u-ci kron.

Kontra verba: aperi

ko (kon) - with

Signifi: Es proxi-pe a pe.

Kontra verba: minus

koklea i - snail

Signifi: U mikro lento zoa ko helika ostraka.

koko i - coconut

Signifi: U mega sklero frukti de dendro; qi habe kulti lo plu nesia lo plu termo loka.

kola - neck, throat

Signifi: U steno soma mero inter kefa e toraci.

kolea i - sheath

Signifi: U longi tena-ru pro gladia alo difere instrumenta.

kolekti - collect, gather

Signifi: Id moti poli ra a faski alo grega.

Kontra verba: difusi

koleri - anger

Signifi: Un este de no-tolera. Id pote sti noku alo klu cide a pe per plu tro forti acide.

Kontra verba: tolera

koloni i - colony

Signifi: U neo eko loka; ge-proto freqe per krati.

kolumni - column, pillar, post

Signifi: U mega baci; qi tena orto u domi alo mero de domi.

komika - comedy, comic, funny

Signifi: Id dona un este de ridi.

Kontra verba: tristi

komisari i - government office, ministry

Signifi: U mero de krati; qi habe proto, tende akti de idio ergo de krati, exempla, plu inter-natio relatio.

komiti - committee

Signifi: U mero ex organi; ge-proto tende akti un idio ergo. 

kompani - company

Signifi: U grega ex plu homi; qi akti negoti.

kompara - compare

Signifi: Id gene vide alo audi de bi alo ma poli ra, e logi de plu difere relatio de mu.

kompeti - competition, contest, race

Signifi: U relatio de vikto e lose inter plu difere homi alo ra; freqe ge-uti de plu sporta.

komplexi - complex, complicated, difficult 

Signifi: U no-facili alo minus-logi qalita kausa tro poli kompositi ex ra.

kompositi - composition, make-up

Signifi: Plu ra; qi face holo u ra.

komuni - common, community

Signifi: Id habe freqe alo more inter plu homi.

 

koncerto (music) + - concert

Signifi: Un ergo; ge-face per poli musika-pe.

koncesi i - lease, rent

Signifi: Dona u ra ad homi certa-tem, freqe kambio valuta.

kondro i - cartilage

Signifi: Id habe homo ko plu osteo, anti ma moli, e es inter plu osteo, plus es u mero de nasa e bi oti.

konfesi - confess, profess

Signifi: Id dice deklara de plu ra; qi habe ero alo korekti.

konfusi - confusion

Signifi: Id dona un este de no-logi.

Kontra verba: logi

konifera - conifer, fir tree, pine tree

Signifi: U dendro; qi habe plu steno folia, e ne lose plu folia frigi-tem.

konsola - consolation, sympathy

Signifi: Habe plu iso este ko difere homi.

kontinenta - continent

Signifi: U mega tera mero de Geo.

Kontra verba: mari

kontra - opposite (of)

Signifi: Non-iso

Kontra verba: iso

kope - oar

Signifi: U manu instrumenta; ge-uti tende sti; u navi ki. 

kopro - feces

Signifi: Disipa-ma ex vora-ma; qi ki ex soma.

kopula - copulate, mate

Signifi: Un unio ex an- e fe-soma, tende face plu infanti.

koragi - brave, courage

Signifi: Este; qi sti ergo tem risko. 

Kontra verba: fobo

kore - dance

Signifi: Un arti; tem qi pe moti bi pedi e difere soma mero akorda musika e ritmo.

korekti - correct

Signifi: U ra; qi habe boni panto-ra minus panto defekti.

Kontra verba: ero

korina - bat (club), club (stick)

Signifi: U baci; ge-uti idio tende bate ra.

koriza - cold (illness)

Signifi: U no-forti pato; qi sti freqe limo in nasa.

korona - crown

Signifi: U kefa-ve; qi dona feno de plu regi alo vikto-pe.

kortika i - bark (of tree), cork

Signifi: Un ostraka de dendro soma.

kosta - rib

Notes: Kosta is mentioned in some vocabulary lists as meaning "coast," but I believe that is a mistake. "Coast" is mari-margina.

Signifi: Un ex seri ex osteo; qi es lo toraci, e qi dona imuni a kardia e bi pulmo.

kotona - cotton

Signifi: U planta; ge-uti tende face moli textili. U textili ex u-ci planta.

koxa i - hip

Signifi: U mega artri de soma inter poda e mega mero ex soma.

krania i - skull

Signifi: Kefa osteo.

krati - government

Signifi: Un organi; qi tena arki de natio alo natio mero.

kredi - belief, creed

Un este; u ra habe veri, kontra minus de plu skience faktu.

Kontra verba: dubi

kredito - credit

Signifi: Un histori de habe valuta, anti pe ne vide u-ci valuta.

kresta i - crest

Signifi: Un alti stria.

kriket + - cricket (sport)

Signifi: U sporta; de qi pe akti bate anti bola per korina.

krimi - crime

Signifi: Un anti-lega akti.

kripti - hidden, puzzling

Signifi: Id tena faktu alo reakti ab pe.

Kontra verba: vista

kritici - criticism, scold

Signifi: Id dice de plu ra; qi habe ero.

kroma - color

Signifi: Plu difere qalita de vista de ra; ge-detekti in iridi e plu difere ra.

kron - (one) time, then, when

Signifi: U topo ex tem.

kruci - cross, intersection

Signifi: Bi stria, via e tali; qi ki trans alelo. U forma de u-ci ra.

kubi - cube

Signifi: U prisma ex sixa qadra.

kuko - cook

Signifi: U prepara de vora-ma, per dona termo ad id.

kukurbi - cucumber, pumpkin, squash

Signifi: U vegeta; qi habe dura derma e poli sperma lo meso.

kulti - cultivate, grow (plants)

Signifi: Face poli matura planta per moti plu sperma ad-in tera, e dona kura a mu.

kumbe - lie (down)

Signifi: Id habe un horizo forma.

Kontra verba: orto 

kumu - heap, pile

Signifi: U faski ex plu ra kon amorfo forma.

kune - wedge

Signifi: U mero ex dendro-ma alo difere materia ko mo steno margina; qi pe moti per dina anti ra alo ad-in ra, tende sto moti id, alo tende sti skizo id.

kupra - copper

Signifi: Un infra-rubi e relatio moli metali; ge-uti freqe homo plu metali-fi; per qi elektro dina ki.

kura - care, attention

Signifi: Id tena plu puta e akti a certa ra.

kurva - arch, arc, curve

Signifi: U no-rekti ra alo loka, anti id ne habe gono.

la - there

Notes: When it is attached to u and plu, it means "that" and "these" respectively. La can be attached to other words of quantity: panto-la "all those," bi-la "both of those, those two."

Signifi: Id habe mei proxi a pe alo ra, kontra verba ci; qi habe ma proxi.

Kontra verba: ci

labia - lip

Signifi: Bi muskula-ra peri stoma.

laboratori - laboratory, work shop

Signifi: U kamera alo domi; idio pro ergo.

lakrima - cry, tear (from eye), weep

Signifi: Un aqa; qi gene bali ex oku, freqe kausa plu homi este.

Kontra verba: ridi

lakti - milk

Signifi: U liqi; qi gene bali ex mama, idio tende dona vora-ma ad infanti.

laku - lake

Signifi: Un area ex aqa; freqe ma mikro de mari e ko ze-sali aqa.

lamina - layer, page, sheet

Signifi: U forti tenu mero ex materia.

Kontra verba: bloka

lampa - candle, lamp, light (lamp)

Note: Do not confuse lampa, a tool that gives light, with foto, the light itself. 

Signifi: Un instrumenta; qi bali foto.

ceru-lampa - candle (wax lamp)

lana - wool

Signifi: Plu densi kapila ab plu zoa, idio ovi, alo textili; ge-face ex id.

lancea i - lance, spear

Signifi: U longi milita baci kon akuto akro.

landa (-landa) + - land

Note: Landa may certainly be used as a word by itself. It means much the same as tera or natio. I like to use it especially with the names of countries that already end in "-land"; for example, Englanda, Deutschlanda. Having these words end in a vowel makes them easier to pronounce.

Signifi: Natio; idio ge-uti ko oligo natio de nordi kontinenta Europa.

larva - caterpillar, larva

Signifi: U "ju-insekti"; pre id gene matura, anti ma matura de ova.

lepidoptera larva - caterpillar (butterfly larva)

latu - side

Notes: Do not confuse latu with lati, another word for "broad, wide."

Signifi: Ne facia lo ante de ra alo poste de ra, anti u facia inter bi-ci ra.

lava - wash

Notes: Some vocabulary lists also have the word balno "bathe," but lava has the more general meaning.

Signifi: Id apo no-puri-ma ab homi alo ra, freqe per aqa.

laxa - loose, relaxed

Signifi: Id habe nuli liga alo fixa-ru.

Kontra verba: ge-fixa, ge-liga

lega - law

Notes: Some vocabulary lists also have nomi meaning "law." In scientific terms this is not "law" as an anti-crime means, but the meaning is closer to "theory," as in "astronomy," "economy."

Signifi: Plu komanda, freqe ex krati, e freqe ko plu idio puni pro plu homi; qi ne reakti mu.

lekto - reading

Signifi: U mode; per qi pe gene logi per vide plu ge-grafo verba. 

lenti - glasses, lens

Signifi: Plu mero ex vitri alo plastika; qi akti muta de foto, freqe tende dona auxi a plu defekti oku.

plu/bi lenti - glasses

lento - slow

Signifi: Id nece habe mega tem pro gene fini, alo habe po-kron.

Kontra verba: tako

lepi i - rabbit

Signifi: U zoa ko bi longi oti.

lepido - scale (of skin)

Signifi: U mikro mero ex derma, idio derma ex plu serpenti alo piski.

leuko - white

Signifi: U kroma de nivi.

Kontra verba: melano

leuko-li - diamond

levo - left (hand)

Notes: Some vocabulary lists have the word as laevo, but the "ae" dipthong should be pronounced as "e."

Signifi: Tem pe tena facia a nordi, id es ad ocide.

Kontra verba: dextra

levia - light(weight)

Kontra verba: densi, ponde

liabili - liability, responsible

Signifi: Pe nece reakti a certa acide, klu si id ne fu dona korekti seqe.

libe - freedom, liberty  rescue, save

Signifi: Id sti laxa ab risko alo non-hedo ra.

liberali - generous, kind (generous)

Notes: Some confusing meanings have been given for this word in other vocabulary lists. It should not mean "liberal" in the modern sense of the word. Going back to Hogben's original meaning, "generous" should be the real meaning.

Signifi: U boni mode de plu homi de dona plu habe-ra de mu a plu difere homi.

libra - scale (for weighing)

Signifi: Un instrumenta; qi akti metri de ponde.

lice A - allow, let, permit

Signifi: Pe habe posi de akti ra minus seqe kausa plu lega.

liga - link, tie

Signifi: Un instrumenta alo difere ra; qi tena ra ab kine alo moti.

Kontra verba: laxa

limita - limit

Signifi: Un area alo konditio; ultra qi un homi alo ra ne debi/pote es.

limo - mucous, mud, slime

Signifi: U semi-liqi e semi-solidi materia, freqe ge-logi iso no-puri.

lina i - flax, linen

Signifi: U planta ko ciano flori, freqe ge-uti tende face sto-termo vesti. U textili ex u-ci planta.

lingua - language, tongue

Notes: In many languages including ancient Latin and Greek, the  word for "tongue" and "language" are the same.

Signifi: U muskula-ra in stoma; qi dona auxi pro dice. U mode; per qi pe akti komunika tem uti de lingua e stoma; freqe ge-limita per natio more.

 

lipo - fat

Signifi: U materia; freqe ge-tena in plu soma; qi u soma pote uti pro dina po-kron. U tro mega metri de u-ci materia.

Kontra verba: tenu

liqi - liquid

Signifi: U no-solidi qalita; homo qi aqa habe.

lito (-li) - stone (substance)

Notes: Lito should not be confused with petro. Petro is a singular object made of stone (for example, "boulder"), whereas lito refers to stone as a material. The meanings may overlap.

Signifi: U materia; ge-detekti in plu: petro, monti, monti klina, e tali plus ra.

ciano-li - sapphire (blue stone)

kloro-li - emerald (green stone)

kroma-li - opal (color stone)

lamina-li - slate

leuko-li - diamond (white stone)

orno-li - gem

splendi-li - jewel

litra - liter

Signifi: U metri de volumi akorda universa metri-sistema.

logi - knowledge, logic, science, understanding

Notes: The meaning of logi goes beyond simply retaining facts. The emphasis is that you UNDERSTAND the information. The word "know" is most often translated into Glosa as logi. It is frequently used for the names of sciences. The word skience, or ski for short, is the word that refers to the simple retention of facts.

Signifi: Pe gene este de korekti signifi.

bio-logi - biology

no-logi - ignorance

numera-logi - mathematics

pre-logi - legend, lore

sani-logi - medical science

sti logi - enlighten

loka (-lo) - local, place

Signifi: U mero ex Geo, kontinenta, natio, civita e tali plus ra.

longi - long

Signifi: U maxi mega metri trans ra.

Kontra verba: brevi

lose V - lose, loss

Signifi: U habe-ra es ab vista alo logi.

Kontra verba: detekti

luci - transparent

Notes: Some vocabulary lists have the meaning as "light." This applies more to colors as "light blue."

Signifi: Pe pote vide u ra per u difere ra. Difere-co foto ki per id.

luna - moon, planet, satellite

Notes: Any satellite! The word Luna most often refers to THE moon. More specifically it can be called Geo-luna "Earth satellite." "Planet" is heli-luna "sun satellite." A man-made satellite is ge-face luna. (The word natio uses similar structures.)

lupi i - wolf

Signifi: Un agrio zoa homo mega kani.

ma(jor) - -er, more

Notes: I have rarely seen the long form major.

Signifi: Id habe plus; ge-kompara ko difere ra.

Kontra verba: mei

magika - magic

Signifi: Id akti per feno ne-ge-logi alo kripti mode.

magneti - magnet

Signifi: U qalita de plu metali; per qi mu sti tira ad alelo.

makina - machine

Notes: Makina refers to a device that moves itself and possibly other things. "Locomotive" was makina to Hogben, and I believe things like "tractor" would be covered by this word as well. Mekani refers to a device containing gears or other moving parts that does not otherwise move; for example, a grinder or machine in a factory. Ashby also added the word motori to the vocabulary, and that would make it the mekani that makes a makina move.

makula - mark, spot, stain

Signifi: U mikro area; ge-kausa per kroma alo grafo-ma, plu-kron de no-puri-ma.

malea - hammer

Signifi: Un instrumenta pro bate plu materia, freqe pro face plu ra.

mali - bad, evil

Signifi: U qalita de defekti.

Kontra verba: boni; sankti

mama - breast

Signifi: U soma mero de plu zoa e homi; qi face lakti.

mandibula - jaw

Note: The word mandibula in medical contexts usually refers to the lower jaw, but in Glosa it can refer to either the lower or upper jaw. 

Signifi: Bi osteo supra e infra stoma e freqe area peri mu; ge-uti pro dice e moli de vora-ma.

manu - hand

Signifi: U mero lo fini de braki ko plu digi.

margari - pearl

Signifi: U mikro splendi bola; ge-face per plu mari ostraka zoa, e freqe ge-uti pro orna-ra.

margina - bank (of river), border, coast, edge, margine, shore

Signifi: Peri-lo de ra.

fluvi margina - river bank

mari/oceani margina - coast; shore

papira margina - page margin

mari - sea

Signifi: U mega area ex aqa.

Kontra verba: tera

marsu - pocket

Signifi: U mero de plu vesti alo difere ra; qi pote tena plu instrumenta alo difere funktio ra.

materia (-ma) - material, stuff, substance

Signifi: Id es plu textili alo lamina alo difere ra; qi es kompositi de ra.

auxi-ma - lubricant

bibe-ma - beverage

bio-ma - organic compound

dendro-ma - wood

disipa-ma - trash

explode-ma - gunpowder

geo-ma - mineral

gusto-ma - condiment; spice

imuni-ma - antiseptic

infra-ma - coffee grounds; dregs

kroma-ma - dye; paint

matura-ma - fertilizer

metali proto-ma - ore

mero-ma - component; ingredient

narko-ma - drug; medicine (Note: Medika-ma has also been used to mean medicine,  but "doctor material" could possibly have a disgusting meaning to it.)

oxidi-ma - rust

piro-ma - fuel

puri-ma - chemical element

proto-ma - natural resources

reakti-ma - chemical agent; detergent

resta-ma - residue

splendi-ma - polish

supra-ma - scum

vora-ma - food

matina - morning

Signifi: U proto de panto di, kron un heli dona vista de se.

Kontra verba: vespera

matura - adult, mature, ripe

Signifi: Kron u ra alo homi habe maxi boni, kausa atende. Kontra verba: infanti

maxi - -est; most

Signifi: Id habe ne simpli mega alo forti metri, anti ma mega de panto-ra. 

mega - big, great, large, long (of time), very

Notes: Use mega in place of "stylized" expressions: for example, not "long time" but mega tem "big time." (Time really cannot be measured with a ruler, can it?) And so mega often takes the place of "very."

Signifi: Id habe ma poli materia de difere ra.

Kontra verba: mikro

mei - less

Signifi: Id habe relatio mikro materia; ge-kompara ko difere ra.

Kontra verba: ma(jor)

mekani (-me) - device, machine, mechanism

Notes: Mekani refers to toolish sorts of machines - grinders, leaf blowers, etc. Mekani should not be confused with makina, which is a locomotive. Intrumenta with its short form -ru refers to simpler tools with only one or no moving parts in it, such as a knife or screwdriver.

Signifi: U komplexi instrumenta; qi habe plu moti mero in id.

elektro face-me - turbine

farina-me - mill

grafo-me - pen; pencil

puri-me - vacuum cleaner

horo-me - clock; watch

supra-me - crane; elevator; jack

tipo-me - printing press; typewriter

venti face-me - fan

melano - black

Signifi: U kroma de urani tem noktu.

Kontra verba: leuko

melodi + (music) - melody

Note: Another music term added by Ashby.

Signifi: U seri ex plu musika nota; qi face duce mero de kanta.

memo - memory, remembrance

Signifi: Id tena histori in cerebra.

meno - month

Notes: Months in Glosa are numbered; for example, Meno Mo "January," Meno Bi "February," etc.

Signifi: Proxi 1/12 ex anua.

mensa - counter, table

Signifi: U plati mobili; epi qi pe moti vora-ma, alo pro ergo.

menta - mental, mind

Signifi: U cerebra; relatio de plu idea e puta

merge - dive, drown, submerge

Signifi: U ra ki ab mari facia a ma profunda loka de mari, plu-kron per mali acide.

merka - buy

Signifi: Pe dona valuta alo difere valu-ra, tende gene e habe-ra.

Kontra verba: vendo

mero - member, part

Signifi: Id ne habe relatio ad holo de ra, anti si u ra sio gene seka alo divide.

dona mero - share

infra-mero - base, bottom

mero-pe - member (of an organization)

mero-ra - ingredient

meso mero - core

post-mero - appendix (of book); rear

verba mero - syllable

tele mero - background 

meso - average, middle

Signifi: U ra alo loka; qi es inter bi fini.

metali - metal

Signifi: U fo sklero materia; plu speci de qi es: argenti, aureo, feru, kupra.

metali-fi - wire

meteo - climate,meteorological, weather

Signifi: Plu difere speci ex temperatura e venti; qi es peri Geo alo Geo mero.

metra - meter (metric system)

Notes: Do not confuse with metri, which means "measure."

Signifi: Un unita de longi metri.

metri - measure

Notes: Do not confuse with metra "meter."

mi - I/me

Notes: Many Glosa-pe have used mi as "my" as in mi bibli "my book." There is nothing wrong with this. Hogben insisted on bibli de mi for "my book."

Signifi: U persona; qi es: ne tu, ne an, ne fe, ne mu.

mikro - little, small, tiny

Notes: Ashby latinized this word to pusi, and differentiated between pusi "small" and mikro "tiny." I chose only mikro for this smaller vocabulary list because it was the word Hogben used for both meanings and it seems to be used more often in scientific/technical terms.

Signifi: Id habe no-mega metri.

Kontra verba: mega

miliona - million

Signifi: Kilo kilo.

milita - battle, fight, war

Notes: The meaning of this word overlaps with viole, which more precisely means "attack, violence," referring to a more sudden event.

Signifi: U relatio; po-kron panto paci gene lose, e mo alo ma poli homi tenta reakti a problema per noku alo viole.

Kontra verba: paci

mina i - mine (underground)

Signifi: U loka infra facia de tera; in qi pe akti fosi tende gene plu valu-ra.

mini - least

Notes: Compare with mei "less."

Signifi: Id habe ma mikro metri akorda relatio ko difere ra.

minus - -less, minus, without

Notes: It is helpful to use minus- to modify other words; for example, u minus-spe persona "a hopeless person."

Signifi: Non-habe.

Kontra verba: ko, plus

minuta - minute

Signifi: 1/60 ex horo.

mira - surprise, wonder, wonderful

Signifi: Id sti este de subito fo-hedo.

misili - missile

Notes: Do not confuse with raketa. Misili is an object launched by an extraneous power, such as a cannonball or bullet. Raketa is something self-propelled, like a rocket or torpedo or, yes, a missile.

Signifi: U ra; qi gene bali tako, freqe ko tende de akti destru.

mixa - mix, mixture

Signifi: U relatio ex poli bi alo ma poli ra kon e inter alelo.

mo(no) - one

Signifi: U solo speci ex panto ra.

Kontra verba: panto, poli

mobili (-mo) - (piece of) furniture

Notes: Mobili is not a collective as in English. Tri mobili translates as "three PIECES of furniture"; "There is furniture in the room" as Id es PLU mobili in kamera.

Signifi: U funktio tena-ru; freqe ge-face ex dendro-ma.

grafo-mo - desk

pla-mo - cupboard, shelving unit

tena-mo - cabinet

mode - means, method, way (means)

Notes: Per ... mode is a clearly understood way to make an adverb. Per tako mode "by fast means, quickly"; per qo mode "by what means, how?"

Signifi: Id akti per plu certa ra, tende akti funktio.

moli - grind, soft

Signifi: Id habe facili este, funktio idio de plu pulvina e vesti.

monito - advice, warning

Signifi: U sofi dice, tende dona auxi a pe.

monstra - demonstrate, show

Notes: Using verboids, the verb for "show" can be simply dona, although dona monstra or dona vista may be more easily understood.

Signifi: Pe moti ra a loka, tende poli homi pote gene vista de id.

monti - hill, mountain

Signifi: U lito loka; qi habe alti supra plu tera peri se.

morda - bite

Signifi: Moti plu denti ad-in bio-ra alo vora-ma.

more A - custom, habit, used to, usual

Signifi: Akti akorda plu freqe alo komuni-justi mode.

morta - death

Notes: Hogben's strategy was to try to state things positively, so if you are using verboids "die" is lose bio "lose life." I do not see any reason why gene morta "get death" would not mean the same thing.

Signifi: Lose bio.

Kontra verba: bio

moti V - move (by an outside power)

Notes: Moti is used for motion that is caused by someone or something else. Closely related is the word bali, where someone causes it to move through the air or water. Ki(ne) is used when someone or something moves on its own power.

Signifi: Pe alo ra sti; u ra kine.

motori + - motor

Signifi: U mekani; qi sti kine alo gira.

mu - they/them

Signifi: Id dona logi; "an/fe ko plu difere homi."

mura - barrier, fence, wall

Signifi: Un imuni-ru; qi sto; plu ra ki ultra id, per alti sta-ra, freqe lo lati de domi.

aqa mura - dam

dendro mura - hedge

extra-mura - outdoors, outside

imuni mura - barricade

in-mura - indoors

rura mura - fence

mus - mouse

Signifi: U mikro zoa ko longi minus-kapila kauda; qi habe eko lo plu agri e dendro-fa, anti ki freqe in plu domi.

museu i - museum 

Signifi: U domi; qi habe monstra de plu histori ra.

musika - music

Signifi: Un audi arti; qi habe mixa ex soni e ritmo.

muskula - muscle

Signifi: Plu soma mero; qi sti; plu braki, poda, lingua, mandibula, e tali plus ra gene moti.

muta - change

Signifi: Id gene u difere stato alo forma.

na - we/us

Signifi: "Mi ko plu difere persona."

nari i - nostril 

Signifi: Bi fora lo nasa.

narko - drug, drunk, high (on drugs)

Signifi: Plu kemi; qi pote face ma sani u soma. Plu-ci kemi per tro mega uti pote sti rabi alo morta.

nasa - nose, smell (something)

Notes: This is the transitive, that is, someone receives the odor. If the thing itself is transmitting (intransitive) the odor, use odoro.

Signifi: U ra; lo meso de facia; per qi plu homi alo zoa gene plu odoro.

nati - birth

Signifi: U proto de bio, kron un infanti ki ex uteri.

natio - country, nation

Notes: This is a categorical sort of word. (Compare luna.) For example,  Helvetia "Switzerland" is u natio. Uni Helvetia natio is a "sub-nation" of Switzerland, that is, a canton. The states of the United States can be referred to as plu USA natio, or may be called plu stato.

Signifi: Un area ex kontinenta; qi habe un idio krati e plu idio more.

infra-natio - A division of a country, such as "county," "canton," "province," etc.

navi - boat, ship (any vehicle not on land)

Signifi: U moti-makina; qi habe uti lo mari alo urani.

aero-navi - airship, airplane

infra-mari navi - submarine

ne - not

Notes: Do not confuse with no "no," which is the negative answer to a question or statement. Hogben in Interglossa used no for both ne and no.

Signifi: U kontra alo sti-non-akorda reakti.

nebu(la) - fog

Signifi: Plu fo-mikro mero ex aqa in aero; qi sti no-klari plu vista.

nece A - necessary, need to

Signifi: Id es ra; pe debi habe pro sani, imuni, sura, e tali plus ra.

nefo - cloud

Signifi: Plu leuko ra ex aqa e farina in urani tem boni meteo, polio alo melano tem mali meteo. 

nefro i - kidney

Signifi: U soma mero; qi face urini.

negoti - business, negotiation, trade

Signifi: U praxi de kambio plu ra e valuta pro profito.

neka - drown

Signifi: Id lose bio per tro mega aqa.

nekto - swim

Notes: In the broad sense of the word, ships also "swim."

Signifi: Ki per/trans aqa.

neo - new

Notes: Neo comes from Greek. Clark and Ashby used Latin nova for "news." A simpler way to say "news" is neo info.

Signifi: Id habe proto de tem.

Kontra verba: paleo

nervo - nerve

Notes: "Nervous" is fobo.

Signifi: Plu fi de soma; qi akti plu sensi ex plu soma celu, e moti plu info ex mu a cerebra.

nesia - island

Signifi: Un area ex tera kon holo aqa peri id e in mari; qi habe ma mikro de kontinenta.

neutra - neutral

Signifi: Id habe ni boni ni mali, ni mega ni mikro, e tali plus ra. Posi, u stato de ne volu es in milita alo difere sti-muta okasio.

nexu - connection, joined

Signifi: Id habe fisika unio ko difere ra.

Kontra verba: divide

ni...ni - neither ... nor

Signifi: "Ne u-ci ra, ne u-la ra."

nidi - nest

Signifi: U ra; ge-face per plu avi; qi tena plu ova de mu. Posi, u ra; qi habe homo vista de u-ci ra.

nikotini - tobacco

Signifi: Plu folia; de qi plu homi face plu fumi pro hedo e vigi; (ge-logi de kausa pato nu-tem).

niloni - nylon

Signifi: U speci ex plu textili ex ge-face materia homo plastika.

no- (non-) - opposite of

Notes: Non is used before vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and h. No- forms true opposites; for example, facili "easy," no-facili "difficult." Using ne- in this position shows only similarity to the opposite; for example, ne-facili "not easy, somewhat difficult."

noktu - night

Signifi: U tem; tem qi id es skoto kausa minus de Heli.

noku - damage, harm

Signifi: Plu defekti; qi gene kausa ad homi alo ra.

nomina - name

Signifi: U verba; qi es ge-dona ad homi alo ra, e qi habe sigifi de es u-ci homi alo ra.

nona - nine

Signifi: U numera inter okto e deka.

nord(i) - north

Notes: Most vocabulary lists have nord. Hogben at first used boreo, then proposed nordi later. I like to keep the "i" on the end, because all Glosa words should end in a vowel for ease of pronunciation whenever possible.

Signifi: U rekti ad "akro" de Geo.

Kontra verba: sud(i)

norma - normal

Signifi: Akorda freqe alo more stato.

nota - note

Notes: Nota means both "a short piece of information" and "musical note."

Signifi: 1) U mikro alo tako ge-grafo info. 2) Un idio soni ex musika. 

nu - now, still (yet)

Notes: Nu can be used to show the present tense of verbs, although it is the default, and so it is assumed where there is no other tense marker. Using nu-tem "at the present time" can be useful to distinguish the meaning of "now" when it is not a tense indicator.

Signifi: Ne pa-tem, ne fu-tem, anti u-ci tem.

nu-tem - at the present, nowadays, today's

nudi - naked, nude

Signifi: Un homi minus plu vesti.

Kontra verba: ge-vesti

nuli - no, none

Signifi: U ple minus de panto-ra.

Kontra verba: panto

numera - number

Signifi: U mode; per qi id dona exakti dice de poli alo oligo de ra.

obstina - obstinate, stubborn

Signifi: Pe ne fu akti ra; pe ne volu akti.

Kontra verba: reakti

oceani - ocean

Signifi: U fo-mega mari; de qi id es solo penta lo Geo.

ocide - west

Signifi: A direkti de heli kron di fini.

Kontra verba: est(i)

odio - hate

Signifi: Pe ne este hedo de ra alo homi, klu a kron; pe volu akti noku alo cide.

Kontra verba: amo

odoro - odor, smell (given off)

Notes: Odoro is the smell that something gives. "Smell" as the act of getting the smell is nasa ("nose").

Signifi: Id dona ra; qi gene sensi per nasa.

ofere - offer

Signifi: Pe dona ra alo idea alo valuta homo auxi.

okasio - occasion, opportunity

Notes: Okasio differs from the word acide. Acide refers to to events that happen suddenly, and are often bad, such as accidents. Okasio refers to events with a lasting consequence; marriage, opportunity, going to school, buying a house are all types of okasio.

Signifi: U kron, freqe boni; qi sti seqe mega-tem.

oklu i - nut (for bolt)

Signifi: U fixa-ru pro helika aku.

okto - eight

Signifi: U numera inter seti e nona.

oku - eye

Signifi: U soma mero; per qi pe vide.

olea - oil

Signifi: U densi liqi, plu- kron ge-face ex plu olea ex plu planta alo zoa, plu-kron ex Geo.

olea-lo - oil well

petr-olea - gasoline, petroleum

oligo - few

Signifi: U mikro numera.

Kontra verba: poli

opresi - oppression 

Signifi: Akti; tem qi u duce homi sti; poli difere homi gene puni kausa plu idea de simpli odio.

Kontra verba: auxi

orange - orange (fruit)

Notes: Orange does not generally refer to the color of orange. That is most often rubi-xanto "reddish-yellow."

Signifi: U frukti homo citra kon infra-rubi kroma.

ordina - order (rank), rank

Notes: Ordina refers to the  order produced by organizing things from greater to lesser, from most important to least important. "Order" in the sense of efficiency or regularity is sistema.

organi - organ

Notes: Organi refers to  things like institutions or organizations. "Organ" such as liver, heart, etc. are plu soma mero "body parts." The musical instrument organ is aero piano "air piano."

Signifi: U grega ex plu homi; qi habe importa tende.

organismo + - organism

Signifi: U mikro bio-ra; qi freqe ne habe ordina iso planta alo zoa.

oriza - rice

Signifi: U speci ex plu vora grana; qi habe proto idio lo Tsongqo.

orkestra (music) + - orchestra

Notes: Another international musical term added by Ashby.

Signifi: U grega ex poli musika-ru-pe.

orna - decoration, jewelry, ornament

Signifi: U ra; qi es dona ad homi alo ra, tende face kali id.

orto - orthodox, standing, upright

Signifi: Id habe infra-a-supra sta.

Kontra verba: horizo, kumbe

oscila - oscillate, swing, wag

Signifi: Id habe freqe sistema moti, infra a supra e versi, latu a latu e versi.

oskula - kiss

Signifi: Un akti de homi akti palpa per bi labia kon sugo ko tende de monstra de amo.

osteo - bone

Signifi: Plu sklero ra ex soma; qi dona forma e flexi artri a soma.

ostraka - oyster, shell

Notes: Ostraka does not simply refer to shellfish, but it can refer to nutshells, plant husks, tree bark, etc.

Signifi: U sklero tegu de plu zoa alo planta.

oti - ear

Signifi: Bi soma mero lo latu de kefa; qi pote audi.

ova - egg

Notes: Do not confuse with ovi "sheep."

Signifi: U sklero ostraka-ra; a qi plu avi e serpenti dona nati, e qi tena infanti.

ovali i - oval

Signifi: Id ne habe perfekti ciklo bola-forma, anti es longi homo ova.

ovi - sheep

Notes: Do not confuse with ova "egg."

Signifi: Un agri zoa ko plu densi kapila; ge-uti tende face textili.

oxidi - oxidize, rust

Signifi: Plu defekti; u ra gene epi facia de id kausa aero - idio de plu metali.

oxigena + - oxigen

Signifi: U gasi; ge-nece a panto zoa e homi pro spira e bio.

pa - past, (past tense)

paci - peace

paketa - package, packet 

paki - fat, thick

paleo - ancient, old

palpa - touch

pani - bread 

panto - all, every

papira - paper 

para - next to

paraleli - parallel 

parasito i - parasite

pardo - excuse, forgiveness, pardon

parenta - parent

pasaporta - passport 

pasta - noodles, pasta 

pato - disease, illness, sick

pe - he/she, one (somebody)

pedi - foot

pektina - comb

peleki i - ax

pende - depend on, hang

penite - sorry 

penta - five

pepsi - digestion 

per - by means of, through 

perfekti - complete, perfect

peri - around

permito - permission 

persika i - peach

persona (-pe) - person, personal 

petitio - ask, petition, prayer, request 

petro + - boulder, rock

petrolea i - gasoline, petroleum 

piano - piano

pikto - model, picture, statue 

pina - feather, quill pen

piperi - pepper

pirami i - pyramid 

piri i - pear

piro - burn, fire

piski - fish

pistona i - piston 

pisu - peas

pla - shelf, tray

plaka - cake, layer

plankto - float

planta - plant

plastika - plastic 

plati - flat

ple - full

plika - fold, folding, wrinkle 

plu - (plural), some

plumba i - lead (metal)

plus - additional, plus

pluto - rich

pluvi - rain

po(ste) - after, behind 

poda - leg

poesi - poetry

poli - many

polica - police 

polio - gray

politika - policy, politics

pomi - apple 

ponde - heavy

ponti - bridge 

porta - door 

posi A - might (do), possible

posta - mail, postage

postula - if, suppose

potati - potato 

pote A - ability, can (do), capable 

pove - poor

pragma - matter, thing

praxi - practice 

pre - before (time), previous 

premi - price, prize

prepara A - prepare, ready

presa - press, pressure 

presidenti - president 

primitive + / no-matura - primitive 

prisma i - prism

privilegi - privilege, right (freedom)

pro - for, on behalf of 

proba - proof

probabili - probably 

problema - problem 

produce (math.) i - product

profito - profit, success 

profunda - deep, profound - 

programa - program 

projekti - project, projection, stick out

proletari i - proletariat, working class

promise - promise

propaganda i - propaganda 

proposi - proposal

proprie - (one's) own

prosa i - prose

protesta - complaint, protest

proto A - first, original

proxi - near (to)

pruni i - plum

psiko - psyche, soul

ptero - wing, flight

publika - public 

pude - disgusting, shameful

pulmona - lung

pulve - crush, powder

pulvina - cushion, mattress, pillow 

puni - punishment 

puri - clean, pure

puta - think, compute

qadra - square 

qalita - quality 

qestio (qe) - question, what?

qi - who

qo - what

ra (-ra) - thing

rabi - crazy, insane, rabid

radar + - radar

radi - root

radia - radiation, ray, spoke

radio + - radio 

raketa - rocket (self-propelled)

rami - branch 

rapi - arrest, seize

rari / no-freqe - rar

ratio i - rate, ratio

re - again

reakti V - agree to, answer, obey

recesi i - recess(ion)

reduce - reduce, shrink 

regi - king, royal

rekti - straight 

relati - relation, relationship 

religio - religion 

repara - fix (repair), repair 

resista - strength, strong

resta - remainder, stay

reti - filter, net, sieve 

ridi - laugh, ridiculous 

rigi - rigid, stiff

risko - danger, risk

ritmo + (music) - rhythm 

rosa - pink, rose

rota - wheel

ru (instrumenta) - tool for

rubi - red

rura - countryside, rural

sadi - cruel, mean (cruel)

sagita i - arrow 

saka - bag, purse, sack

sakrifice - sacrifice 

sali - salt

salmi i - salmon

salta - jump

saluta - greeting, goodbye, hello

sani - health, healthy 

sankti - holy

sapo - soap 

sapro - moldy, rot, rotten 

sardini i - sardines 

sati - enough, sufficient 

se - self, (reflexive)

sedi - seat, sit

seka - cut

sekala i - rye

sekretari - secretary 

sekunda i - second (unit of time)

semi - half

sensi - feeling, sense

sensitivi - sensitive 

seqe - consequence, following, next, result 

sera i - saw (tool)

seri - list, series

serpenti - snake 

servi - service

seti - seven

severi - serious, severe

sexu - sex

sibi - brother, sister 

sibila - whistle 

signi - insignia, sign

signifi - meaning, significance 

sika - dry

silento - silent

simia - ape, monkey 

simpli - simple 

simpto - symptom, trace

singu - each, ... a piece

sio - as if, (subjunctive)

sistema - system 

sixa - six

skala - ladder, stairs 

skapa - shoulder 

skeleto - frame, skeleton 

skema - plan, scheme

skeni - stage (of theater)

ski - skiing

ski(ence) - knowledge

skizo - split

sklero - hard

sko(la) i - learning, lesson

skope - look at, watch

skoto - dark

skuta - screen, shield

societa - partnership, society 

sofi - intelligent, smart, wise

solemni - solemn

solidi - solid

solo - alone, only

solve - solution 

soma - body

somni - sleep

soni - sound

spatula - shovel, spoon

spe - hope

speci - kind, species, type (of)

sperma - seed, sperm

spina - thorn, pricker, sticker

spira - breathing 

spiritu - spirit 

splendi - polish, reflect, shine

sporta - game, play, sports

sqalo i - shark

sta - stand

stabili - stability

stani - tin

stato - state (of USA), status

steno - narrow

sti V (stimula) - cause, stimulate, urge

stilo - pen, stylus 

stimula - cause, stimulation

sto - cease, stop

stoma - mouth

strategi - strategy 

strepto - twisted

stria - line, stripe

struktura - structure 

subito - sudden

sud(i) - south

sudo i - sweat

sue - sewing

sugo - suck

sui - pig

sukro - sugar, sweet 

suku - juice, sap

sulfuri i - sulphur 

suma - sum

supa - soup

supra - above, over

sura - certain, sure

tako - fast, speed

tali - such

tape - carpet, rug

tasa - cup

taxi - taxi

tea - tea

tegu - cover, roof

teka - box

tekno - expertise, skill, technology 

tele - far, distant 

telefono - telephone 

televisio - television 

teli i - nipple, nozzle 

tem - season, time (length of)

tema - theme

temperatura - temperature 

tena V - hold, keep

tende A - aim, goal, intend

tensio - reach (for), stretch 

tenta A - attempt, try

tenu - slender, thin

teo - god

teori - -nomy, theory

tera - land, ground, soil

terapi - therapy 

termo - heat, thermal 

testi - testify, witness 

tetra - four

textili (-te) - cloth, knit, textiles, weave

tibia i - flute

tigri - tiger

timpani - drum

tinta - ink

tintina - bell

tipo - printing, typing

tira - pull, tow

toga - coat, jacket 

tolera - patience, tolerate 

topo (to) - (exactly) at, location 

toraci - chest, thorax

toxi - poison

trans - across 

trauma - trauma 

tremulo - shake, tremble 

tri - three

tribuna - court (of law)

tristi - sad

tritika - wheat

tro - excessive, too (much)

trompa - trunk (of animal)

tropi - turn

tu - you (singular)

tubi - pipe, tube

tumo - swelling 

tuneli i - tunnel 

tunika - dress, shirt

turi - tower 

u (un) - a/an, the

ultra - beyond

umbra - shade, shadow

unda - wave

ungu - (finger)nail, claw, hoof

uniforma - uniform 

unio - united

unita - unit (of measurement)

universa - universal, universe

universita - university 

unki - hook

uno - some ( a certain)

urani - heaven, sky

urini i - urine

ursu - bear (animal)

uteri i - uterus 

uti - use

vaga - vague, wandering 

vagona - car, vehicle (on land), wagon

vaku - empty, vacuum 

vale - valley 

valu - value, worth

valuta - money

valva - valve

vani - useless, vain

vapo - steam, vapor

vasa (-va) - container, vase

vegeta - vegetable 

vekti i - lever

veli - sail, veil

vendo - sell

venti - wind

verba - word

veri - real, true

vermi - worm

versi - return, reverse, turn around 

vespera - evening 

vespi i - wasp

vesti (-ve) - clothing 

vi - you (plural)

via - road, street, way

vibra - vibrate

vice - instead of, turn (in game)

vide V - see

vigi - alert, awake, conscious 

vikto - victory

vini - wine

viole - attack, violent

violina - violin

visita - visit 

vista - sight, view

viti i - vine

vitri - glass (material)

voka - shout, voice

vokali + - vowel

volu A - want (to)

volumi - volume 

vora - eat, food

vulne - wound

vulpi i - fox

xanto - yellow 

xeno - foreign, strange

zea - corn, maize

zero (-ze) - zero

zigo - yoke

zoa - animal 

zona (-zo) - belt, ring, zone